[1] Ikuta K S, Swetschinski L R, Aguilar G R, et al. Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019[J]. The Lancet, 2022, 400(10369): 2221-2248. [2] Hegstad K, Langsrud S, Lunestad B T, et al. Does the wide use of quaternary ammonium compounds enhance the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance and thus threaten our health?[J]. Microbial drug resistance, 2010, 16(2): 91-104. [3] Merchel Piovesan Pereira B, Tagkopoulos I. Benzalkonium chlorides: uses, regulatory status, and microbial resistance[J]. Applied and environmental microbiology, 2019, 85(13): e00377-19. [4] Hrubec T C, Melin V E, Shea C S, et al. Ambient and dosed exposure to quaternary ammonium disinfectants causes neural tube defects in rodents[J]. Birth defects research, 2017, 109(14): 1166-1178. [5] Jennings M C, Minbiole K P C, Wuest W M. Quaternary ammonium compounds: an antimicrobial mainstay and platform for innovation to address bacterial resistance[J]. ACS infectious diseases, 2015, 1(7): 288-303. [6] Gaze W H, Abdouslam N, Hawkey P M, et al. Incidence of class 1 integrons in a quaternary ammonium compound-polluted environment[J]. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2005, 49(5): 1802-1807. [7] Zhang C, Cui F, Zeng G, et al. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs): A review on occurrence, fate and toxicity in the environment[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 518: 352-362. [8] Tandukar M, Oh S, Tezel U, et al. Long-term exposure to benzalkonium chloride disinfectants results in change of microbial community structure and increased antimicrobial resistance[J]. Environmental science & technology, 2013, 47(17): 9730-9738. [9] Zhang C, Cui F, Zeng G, et al. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs): A review on occurrence, fate and toxicity in the environment[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 518: 352-362. [10] Liang Z, Ge F, Zeng H, et al. Influence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide on nutrient uptake and cell responses of Chlorella vulgaris[J]. Aquatic toxicology, 2013, 138: 81-87. [11] Pati S G, Arnold W A. Comprehensive screening of quaternary ammonium surfactants and ionic liquids in wastewater effluents and lake sediments[J]. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 2020, 22(2): 430-441. [12] Hora P I, Pati S G, McNamara P J, et al. Increased use of quaternary ammonium compounds during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and beyond: consideration of environmental implications[J]. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 2020, 7(9): 622-631. [13] Lindstedt M, Allenmark S, Thompson R A, et al. Antimicrobial activity of betaine esters, quaternary ammonium amphiphiles which spontaneously hydrolyze into nontoxic components[J]. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1990, 34(10): 1949-1954. [14] Zhang X, Kong H, Zhang X, et al. Design and production of environmentally degradable quaternary ammonium salts[J]. Green Chemistry, 2021, 23(17): 6548-6554.